What is Political Realism in International Relations?

Historical Background:

 Political Realism is the oldest school of thought in International Relations. The origins of Political realism can be traced from Thucydides who wrote the account of Peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens in 5th century BC. Furthermore, the 15th century diplomat, Philosopher and writer Niccolo Machiavelli further contributed in the literature by writing The Prince. Moreover, another realist philosopher was Thomas Hobbes who wrote his very famous book 'Leviathan'. Hobbes described human nature as egoistic and fickle. Therefore, John Mearsheimer classified him as Human Nature Realist.

 Another Philosopher that falls in that category is Professor Hans Morganthau. Morganthau wrote a comprehensive book which is considered to be the Bible of International Relations named Politics Among Nations. Professor Morganthau proposed the six principles of realism on scientific lines. It was after World War I, that the International Relations was formally introduced as an Academic Discipline. However, literature of IR was available long before that.

These notable figures are called classical realists. 

Political Realism

Political realists argue that states are sole rational actors in the International system. There is no higher authority or superstructure over states. Therefore, international system is anarchic. So states have to ensure their survival through self-help. No state will come to rescue other state. To ensure their survival through self-help, states try to balance their power by militarization and alliances. When state A grows in power for whatever reasons, state B feels threatened and this gives rise to Security Dilemma. As Thomas Hobbes puts it this way 'Ones Security in another's insecurity'. It is a Zero-Sum Game because one benefits at the cost of other. States can only feel secure when they outgrow in power than others. Therefore, realist propose that states are rational actors and always pursue  their national interests defined in terms of power. The goal of foreign policy should be to maximize power.  

Naveed Qamar.